FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH OF SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISE IN KENYA

CHALLENGES AFFECTING THE GROWTH OF SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES IN KENYA (A Case study of Wajir Soko Mjinga Market) A Research proposal Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Award of Diploma in Business Administaration to the Mount Kenya University JULY 2013 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I take this occasion to thank the Almighty GOD for blessing me with his grace. I extend my sincere gratitude to my MKU supervisors for giving the right guidance while undertaking this research proposal. My thanks to my beloved parents whom am forever indebted to for their inspiration, love, financial and moral support they have offered me since the onset up to the completion of this proposal.†¦show more content†¦Starting a business is a risky venture and scholars have warned that chances of small enterprises owners making it past the five-year mark are very slim (ILO, 2005). Major challenges facing small scale traders include lack of financial resources, lack of management experience, unhealthy competition, poor government policies, general economic conditions, failure to maintain business records, factors such as poor infrastructure, and poverty, high cost of borrowing funds and dumping of cheap foreign products among others. Therefore, an understanding of the challenges a ffecting the small scale enterprise in Kenya will help the policy makers come up with interventions measures geared towards addressing the challenges and formulate policies that will stir growth of the sector. 1.2 Statement Of The Problem Of late the government has been encouraging youth’s majority who are unemployed to start their own small scale business to become self reliant. 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The Theories Of Crime Causation - 1076 Words

This paper will examine the three main theories of crime causation which comprise the Criminological Theory as well as provide some examples of each. The three main theories of crime causation are biological, sociological and psychological. Each of the three theories have come a long way since their inception and continue to be updated due to new findings through technological and medical advances. It also must be noted that these are theories and due to various factors and drawbacks to each of the three concepts, allows it to remain only theories and not concrete evidence. Biological theories for the causation of crime have been around for centuries. Theories revolving around Eugenics and Phrenology were used by some in the political arena to create laws or policies that they justified with these theories. As times have changed so has research and ideas surrounding different biological theories. Some theories as to why biological theories effect criminal behavior are evolution, gene s, physical characteristics of the offender and brain disorders. â€Å"Typical biological theories are that some people are more likely to commit violent crimes because of the genes that they have inherited† (Marsh Mellville, 2006, p. 15). Other theories may claim that a disorder of the brain or body increases the risk of someone acting out and inevitably breaking the law. There are examples that have been done in support of proving biological theories and the causation of crime.Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Crime Causation871 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the important goals to criminology is to create valid and accurate theories of crime causation. A theory could be defined as a statement that explains why a certain circumstance does not happen. 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A Separate Peace Essay Research Paper Breaking free essay sample

A Separate Peace Essay, Research Paper Interrupting The Cast In John Knowle # 8217 ; s, A Separate Peace, there is a transmutation in all the cardinal elements in the book, from the rivers to the tree to the seasons to the characters. The transmutation is specifically seen in Leper, Gene, and Phineas. These three immature work forces see a alteration non merely because of the passages through adolescence. These alterations besides come about because of the war, the school, and an hurt. Leper Lepellier is a really uneven immature adult male. He is quiet and is discoveries himself ever taken by surprise. He truly is non popular and that does non concern him in any manner. Leper truly has no true friends at the Devon school, but negotiations to Gene. He entertains himself by roll uping snails, looking for beaver darn, and skiing. His personality does non let him to depend on anyone for aid. As clip advancements and the other boys start the winter session he decides to inscribe in the war. A twosome of months subsequently Gene receives a wire from Leper stating he is in his # 8220 ; Christmas location # 8221 ; ( 131 ) This is the first mark that Leper demonstrates that he needs people. He realizes the felicity, fright and choler have to be shared with others. Leper so tells Gene # 8220 ; I escaped # 8221 ; ( 135 ) and he says he did it to delight himself. He is get downing to recognize things that are traveling on in the universe. He no longer lives in his bubble. Gene Forrester is a quiet, covetous, introverted, and lonely immature adult male. His insecurities are particularly seen when Finny is about. There is a changeless competition through Gene # 8217 ; s eyes between them. He ever chooses to vie or reason with Phineas. The first illustration of his competitory personality is seen when Phineas asks him to leap out of the tree. Phineas says, # 8220 ; you were really good, one time I shamed you into it. .. I am good for you that manner. You have a inclination to endorse away from things otherwise. # 8221 ; and Gene provinces # 8220 ; you didn # 8217 ; t dishonor anybody into anything. I neer backed off from anything in my life. # 8221 ; ( 10 ) Gene would hold neer jumped off the tree if it were non for Finny. Gene depends on Finny as his security cover. As clip progresses the competition additions and the tenseness in Gene # 8217 ; s caput is gets worse. When Gene can non take any longer of Finny and his abilities his jealousy takes control and he jounces the limb. As a consequence, Gene makes him fall and wounding his leg. When Finny falls it is as if all of Gene # 8217 ; s supplications have been answered. Finny has to go forth Devon for the remainder of the summer session and portion of the winter session. During this clip Gene finds out who he genuinely is. His transmutation occurs, he finds himself doing determinations on his ain, like when he chooses to travel shovel snow on the railway. Not merely that but he besides finds himself non 2nd thinking every move he makes. By the terminal of the novel he no longer sees Finny as a superman but a normal human being. After his transmutation to a mature, confident grownup he provinces, # 8220 ; I could see the sum of fright I had lived in. # 8221 ; ( 2 ) On the other manus Phineas # 8217 ; s transmutation is more of a lost than a addition. At the beginning of the novel he is a confident, athletic, and a fine-looking immature adult male. He is seen like ace natural God in the eyes of many, particularly his equals and instructors. Gene describes Finny as # 8220 ; the kernel of this careless peace. # 8221 ; ( 17 ) Whatever Finny says to make people follow it. He created the Super Suicide Society, made a winter carnival at Devon and invented the athletics of Blitzball. This athletics brought about # 8220 ; his ain athletic gifts to their highest pitch. # 8221 ; this right here demonstrated his reverent abilities. ( 31 ) Another illustration of his this interior assurance is when he breaks the swimming record. Gene is the lone one to witness Fiiny interrupting the record. The thing is Finny does non desire he broke the record. Phineas knows his ability but wants to maintain it a secret. When Gene pushes Finny of the tree the beginning of the transmutation occurs. It was as if his # 8220 ; godliness # 8221 ; was taken off when he injured his leg. He came down to normal humanity with the autumn, as if an angel lost its wings. In decision, merely things everything alterations with clip so make the characters in John Knowles # 8217 ; s A Separate Peace. Gene, Phineas, and Leper find themselves turning up and transforming from male childs to work forces. Passages through adolescence cause alteration and these male childs hold plentifulness of to see in the two Sessionss. Their attitude towards who they are and life in general alteration.

Willy Russell’s Popular Play Educating Rita Essay Example

Willy Russell’s Popular Play Educating Rita Essay Willy Russells popular play Educating Rita is set in the 1970s in the inner city of Liverpool. This cleverly written play, follows a young girl in her twenties, as she battles between the reality of her poor background, and her burning ambition of becoming educated. At the beginning of the play Rita is working as a hairdresser, and living in a council house with her boyfriend, factory worker Denny. She seems to be trapped in a place where she doesnt belong. Simply trying to fit in as she has done ever since her school life. Rita wants to break free, find her place in life. Shes the one in so many who just wont accept the utomatic life style, that she inherited from her parents. As the play unfolds we see Rita find her missing piece, an education. Additionally what becomes more interesting is seeing her teacher, Frank, wanting the opposite in life. To break free from having what Rita wants, he cant understand the need for, as I quote from one occasion, pretentious, characterless and without style literacy. We can see Frank, an educated lecturer, turn to drink as an escape root from the world he lives in. Although when he teaches Rita, this in itself is an escape for him, someone different to study and admire. For his life is filled ith well educated, well off folk, whom Frank isnt fond of. But is this because he takes for granted what so many people cant have? Linguistically, Educating Rita gives its audience many things to digest. Willy Russell cleverly and vividly displays a story of two sides. As we follow Rita in her battle to be something, someone. And as we follow Frank becoming sick of the pretend shield which education gives us. We will write a custom essay sample on Willy Russell’s Popular Play Educating Rita specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Willy Russell’s Popular Play Educating Rita specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Willy Russell’s Popular Play Educating Rita specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Shortly into the play, we find Rita and Frank in one of their lessons. To begin with Frank doesnt see the potential in Rita. He seems frustrated and he certainly isnt used to dealing with uneducated students. When you come into this room you do anything except start working immediately. Throughout this scene Rita seems down and depressed, as she mutters short, sharp sentences to Frank, I havent got it, and so on. We can sense that desperate feeling from Rita of trying to fit in. Additionally its this scene that Frank begins to realise the big difference in social class. The next section of this scene implies various things of large significance to us. When Rita says, So are all the Chekhov books you lent me. Denny found out I was on the pill again; it was my fault, I left the prescription out. He burnt all me books. We the audience understand the sort of environment Rita lives in. Denny seems to be set on having a baby and settling down, and quite simply has probably never come across the word ambition. Further more it seems Rita is the complete opposite, Im busy enough finding meself, let alone findin someone else. We now see the intriguing contrast between an unsettled but determined Rita, and her typically laid back pessimistic husband, Denny. Further down the scene Dennys ignorance is again portrayed as Rita says, Im not havin it off with Anton Chekhov. He said, I wouldnt put it past you to shack up with a foreigner . Here Rita is telling Frank that Denny didnt even know who Anton Chekhov was, further more he didnt even understand that Rita was referring to the burnt books. This is the first time in many that Rita uses humour as a bridge for serious issues. Here Rita is almost juxtaposing herself and Denny, and as a result we can see the contrast in the two characters. Adding to the comment I made on Dennys ignorance. He burns the books in hope of burning away Ritas ideas and ambitions. However, he doesnt understand that Rita is set on becoming educated and fulfilling her dream. And so despite Dennys efforts, nothing will deter her. This again shows us the level of Dennys intelligence and allows us to match this with his social upbringing. In this scene its the first time that the audience register Ritas ever changing character. Frank asks her if she loves Denny and she replies, I see him looking at me sometimes, I know what hes thinking, wheres that girl he married gone to, here we can see that Rita is quickly changing and leaving Denny behind. Rita is quite clearly opening up to herself now, she seems to be coming out of her shell and gradually becoming unafraid of admitting it. Another passage which brings to light various points of interest, comes just fter Rita has returned from her summer camp. Where she spent time learning and getting to know other students. Rita has learnt a lot, and seems to be much more intelligent than Frank anticipates. Where as before Rita would simply listen to Frank as he taught, she starts to contribute and to argue different views. The passage begins with Rita saying. Look Frank, I dont have to go along one hundred percent with your views on Blake y know. I can have a mind of my own cant I? This passage is a prime example of Ritas growing independence. We can clearly see that Rita is changing into the person she once dreamt of being, and Frank ost certainly isnt keen. I sincerely hope so, my dear. And whats that supposed to mean? It means-it means be careful. So we can see that Frank doesnt like this sudden change of character on Ritas behalf. In the beginning Frank saw someone who was different, and perhaps he fancied her for that reason. Now Rita is turning into one of them, the regular students. Someone that Frank sees everyday. Further down the passage Rita says, Im not an idiot now, Frank-I dont need you to hold my hand as much. So we see now that Frank is relying more on Rita. She used to be his way out, a substitute for the drink. In this scene Frank thinks it will all be the same, although she has inevitably changed and left Frank behind. Rita just didnt realise how much, an for what reasons Frank relied on her. She couldnt comprehend why someone who seemed to have everything could find so much stimulation in someone who thought she had nothing. If we go back to when Frank first met Rita. We can see how incredible Ritas transformation of character is. Here Rita and Frank are once again alone and in deep conversation. Rita spots an erotic picture and is quite intrigued to know about the history of the painting. Thats a nice picture isnt it? Frank then replies non-comically. Erm yes-I suppose it is-nice Its very erotic. Actually I dont think Ive looked at it for about ten years, but yes, I suppose it is. We can see Frank quickly tries to get rid of some of the rising tension. Rita is also speaking very bluntly and perhaps uneducated. Which again reinforces her inability to express her feelings linguistically. Further down the passage Rita says something which is absolutely correct and implies she has the potential to make certain intelligent observations. This was the pornography of its day, wasnt it? Its sort of like men only isnt it? But in those days they had to pretend it wasnt erotic so they made it religious didnt they? Rita is absolutely right in what shes saying. She just simply doesnt have the ability to speak politely, in a way Frank is used to. However Frank actually admires her inability to express her feelings the way he does. Its something which he doesnt often come across, and this scene seems to lay the foundation for their relationship. If we go back to the scene when Rita had just been to see Macbeth at the theatre. We can see what first captured her interest into literature and language. And additionally what hints the scene gives us into Ritas ever growing ambition . At the beginning of the scene Rita comes racing in to Frank with bubbling excitement. Shes just been to see Macbeth, and is overwhelmed with the drama and excitement portrayed by Shakespeare. Her first line is very interesting and again shows Ritas inability to speak linguistically so. Wasnt his wife a cow eh? An that fantastic bit where he meets Macduff an he thinks hes all invincible. Rita has clearly digested every bit of action from the play, and is intrigued further as to know if the play was a tragedy. Im going to. Macbeths a tragedy isnt it? Here the audience can register Rita slowly becoming dragged in to the puzzle of literacy. We can sense Ritas growing ambition, and her desire to break into that small proportion of people who understand the ins and outs of literature and language. Further down Frank begins to explain to her the difference between a tragedy and something thats tragic. Well I better get back. Ive left a customer with a perm lotion. If I dont get a move on therell be another tragedy. No. There wont be a tragedy. There will y know. I know this woman; shes dead fussy. If her perm doesnt come out right therell be blood an guts everywhere. Which might be quite tragic-but it wont be a tragedy. From then on Rita answers Frank with short one or two word sentences, as if she just wants him to carry on I. e. What? , No, So-so Macbeth brings it on himself? Ritas short sentences show her growing intrigue, but also reinforce her ignorance due to her social upbringing. All the way through prior to Frank speaking, he seems to be extremely hesitant when hes about to speak to Rita. Almost as if he doesnt want to patronise her with the technical language he uses, I. e. Well-erm look; Towards the end of the scene, Rita realises her own ignorance towards these ertain aspects of language. Frank says, Its quite easy really, Rita. And Rita replies, It is for you. I just thought it was just a dead exciting story. But the way you tell it, you make me see all sorts of things in it. Its fun, tragedy isnt it? All them out there, they know all about this sort of thing dont they? . Rita thinking tragedy is fun is most certainly unintentionally ironic. In addition I think Rita is impressed with Franks knowledge, although Frank is more in admiration for Rita, as he rarely comes across people that equal her calibre of intelligence. What he doesnt realise is that whilst hes appy teaching Rita now, he is slowly changing Rita in to the person she dreams of being. Frank likes Rita as she is, and admires her because shes different, So if Frank had the benefit of hindsight, perhaps he wouldnt of put so much effort into teaching Rita. Shortly after the above scene, Rita and Frank are again alone and in one of their lessons. Rita is daydreaming, she likes the idea of being a proper student. She looks down onto the lawn below Franks office as she says, I love that lawn down there. In the summer do they sit on it? Here we can see Rita is becoming very envious of the students. She admires their lifestyle and her need to become one of them is slowly becoming clearer. Frank however sees the students as nothing but mislead inhabitants of a rich snobbish culture, and he barely shows any respect for them. But as the scene unfolds, Rita starts to describe her school life to Frank, and we can he that he starts to realise that not many people have access to an education, for many different reasons. Nah, just normal, y know; borin, ripped up books, broken glass everywhere. Knives an fights. An that was just the staff room. Nah, they tried their best I suppose, always telling us we stood a better chance if we studied. But studying was for the wimps, wasnt it? See if Id started takin school seriously Id a been different from my mates, and thats not allowed. Here the audience get a vivid picture of what Ritas school life was actually like. The peer pressure was obviously immense, and so now is the only time in Ritas life, she has had the chance to admit her true feelings and ambitions. She is again using humour as a vehicle for serious issues, always trying to make light of her dismal past. There was clearly no work ethos in Ritas school, and so now she desperately wants to regain that opportunity of having an education. In Ritas last speech of the scene, she reveals that despite her poor and uneducated background, she would always question life. She says that there was always something tappin away, telling me I might have got it all wrong. So in other words Rita would think philosophically about life. She was reluctant to be in the position and lifestyle she was in. Therefore we understand that she had the definite potential to become what she wanted, to find her play in life. Despite these rattling questions inside her head, she didnt believe she was capable of breaking out of her current situation. And so shed hide away her eeling by telling herself lifes great or by going out shopping to take her mind off things. It was these things that kept Rita going, they stopped her putting life into perspective. Towards the end of the play Frank seems to have had enough. With himself, with Ritas ever growing education, and with his routine life. His drinking habit has reached its climax, and Rita cant bear him any longer. Rita appreciates what hes done for her, although she doesnt like his constant self pitying and the way he seems to exploit his god given gift. At the beginning he liked Rita because she was fresh, now shes educated like ll his other students and he doesnt like that. Rita accuses Frank of taking for granted the things in which she has worked so hard for. Its little to you who squanders every opportunity and mocks and takes for granted. But of course for Frank every lesson was simply an escape, and now Rita has changed into the very person she destined to be. And Frank has been stripped of that luxury weekly lesson. What seems more interesting is that Frank has come away with nothing and Rita has come away with an education. The irony here is that Rita is the only one who really understands and has insight into Franks character. He is just unaware of how he squanders every opportunity and mocks and takes for granted. All the way through this scene Frank is drunk, and so we assume the insults which toll of his tongue are spontaneous and perhaps a little rash. I think hes just annoyed that she is such a changed character. He was so found of the fresh an innocent woman who first walked through his door. She stimulated him, made him look forward to the next lesson. His life was definitely much better when Rita was around, and he depended on her for company and perhaps arousal. At this point in the play Rita just doesnt understand why Frank is acting the ay he is. She doesnt know how he relied on her for certain things, those things which he couldnt find anywhere else. Another speech by Frank which is so cleverly written by Willy Russell and is most certainly for me a very moving part of the play. Comes after the accusation by Rita when Frank says. Found a culture have you, Rita? Found a better song to sing have you? No-youve found a different song, thats all-and on your lips its shrill and hollow and tuneless. Frank is absolutely right in what hes saying. The fact that Rita is now educated doesnt mean she has found a better song to sing at all. She has just most definitely found a different song. For some people, like Rita, who are brought up on a poor inner city estate. The life which Frank is living will most certainly be seen as better. But for people like Frank, well off intelligent people, who come from the same descriptive background, they may well, as Frank is, be in admiration for the lifestyle in which Rita came from. The final point in which I am going to talk about, brings us to the lesson after Rita has been to Franks party, but couldnt bring herself round to going inside. She walks into Franks office and we get the impression shes very fed up with erself. She feels as though shes the odd one out. Well you wouldnt take sweet sparkling wine, would y? She starts to make excuses and tells him that she brought the wrong wine. We can sense very clearly Ritas frustration. Additionally we know that Rita felt very uncomfortable around Franks other guests, the well educated guests wearing the correct attire. She clearly feels she cant fit in and we again see the contrast in social background. She says, But I dont want to be myself. Me? Whats me? Some stupid little woman who gives us all a laugh because she thinks she can learn, because she hinks that one day shell be like the rest of them, talking seriously, confidently, with knowledge, livin a civilized life. The above quote reveals many things about Rita, fairly early on in the play. Rita is feeling down after seeing the contrast in characters between her and Franks other guests. She perhaps feels as though shes fighting a lost cause in life. Frank tells her to be herself although this is the exact opposite person Rita wants to be. Shes becoming educated in order to change who she is. However this reinforces how Frank just wants Rita as she is, and cant understand the eed for her to change. This point of Frank being perhaps unaware of how Rita is changing, is brought up many times throughout the play. Which tells us that perhaps theres a hint of dramatic irony in that he just doesnt catch on. And towards the end Rita changes and leaves Frank behind. To dwell on where it all changed so suddenly without him realising. So we can finally appreciate the both sides of a very cleverly and wittily written play. Willy Russell tells almost two stories in unison, and the audience can digest both of them, with utter intrigue and admiration.