Teaching assistant diplom Essay Example for Free

Teaching assistant diplom EssayIntroductionIn this experiment I will be analysing what influence the recess has had on consumer behaviour and the cause behind those changes in performance. A recession is defined as two straight quarters of depressing economic growth, as measured by the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. Consumer behaviour can be defined as The study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy products. The recent recession began in December 2007 and produce from the USAs boost market, mortgages were being proposed to people who simply could not afford to hold one. As a result the property market collapsed and the economic down turn apace spread to the rest of the worlds financial system, therefore there is now a worldwide recession. With the banking world in turmoil there sop up been effects for other industries. For example, the car industry is one of the most terrible hit industries because banks ar now being particularly alert ab pl ace loaning capital. This means that whilst a customer may wish a new car they atomic number 18 unable to fulfil those needs because there is no course of them generating the resources which would allow them to scram the purchase. This can be demonstrated by the fact Toyota has suffered a loss of $4.4 billion4. It is Toyotas first loss in 59 years which added highlights how baneful the recent recession is. Furthermore, the fall down of the property market has not just changed the behaviour of consumers in this industry although, it has also had knock on affects. For example, because less(prenominal) people are being contributed mortgages, due to the fact a 20-30% deposit is needed, there is usually less demand for new houses to be built because they essentially would not be bought in the current climate. The sale of fewer houses then affects furnishing stores as there are hardly any consumers who need new furniture. Therefore, it is primal to realise that consumer behaviour is related between industries.Impact of recession on consumerConsumer behaviour will also change during a recession depending ondemographics which include age, gender and occupation. seek conducted by Price Water House Coopers put forwards the most influenced age group is the 60-65+ year olds who are retired or observe up to retirement, followed by 18-24 year olds, then 45-60 year olds and ultimately 25-44 year olds be likely to be the least bear on by the downturn. The worst alter are the 60-65+ year olds because the UK government implements an economic policy. This means the government regulates the money supply and interest range to direct the economy. As OAPs rely on their savings to supplement their pension it means in the current incidents they are earning significantly less money than they were in prior years because interest rates are currently at 0.5% contrasted with 4.5% in 2005. This clearly has huge affects on their buying behaviour because they are forced to create c uts which they may not want to make but get down to go through requirement due to major reduced disposable profits. With idleness soaring during a recession this affects consumer behaviour as individuals become more alert about their snuff iting due to the fear of unemployment or unemployment.During the current recession it is the 18-24 year olds who are bearing the most with unemployment. However, with unemployment rates presently at 7.8% the increase in cautiousness, and the alarm of unemployment is not isolated to purely this age group as individuals who have seen friends, family or colleagues lose their jobs portion out the same sentiments and fears that they could be next. This has a huge impact on consumer confidence and therefore consumers will look to reign in their spending. Consumers adjust their frame of straits to being more adjusted towards saving money rather than spending money because of the uncertainty which surrounds their future. This involves the consumers be haviour towards products. Luxury products such as exculpate of the range food, cars, clothes and perfumes etc are similarly to see sales drop spectacularly as consumers look for methods of decreasing their spending whilst maximising how far their compute goes. For example, an average family may choose to the drop brand level of food for their weekly shop. So rather than buying the Tescos finest variety they would buy the Tesco Value range. Research proposes that on average you can save 33% for each product for a one level drop.For a family hit by the recession this would be a major saving and this emphasizes how when times are hard value is the most vital factor for the consumer and their behaviour will return this. During a recession many consumers areforced to down grade their preferences in order to make living monetary viable. By staring at the performance of dominos pizza it is evident to spot that consumers are changing their activities. Dominos pizza recorded a 20% rise in returns for the first half of 2009. This is an offspring of cash strapped families opting to stay in and order takeaways as a form of a treat rather than eating out at restaurants and pubs. This means the restaurants and pubs are experiencing the brunt of the change in the recession as equal to 75% of British familys say they will avoid equally eating and drinking out of the house. This does not however mean that households are cutting alcohol out of their life. Instead British households are choosing to drink at home with the average spend per household thought to be 35 per week. So the consumers behaviour is changing in the form of where they purchase their products rather than what they are purchasing in this case. windupOn the whole, it is enormously vital to recognise that consumer behaviour is affect by the recession. However it must be noted that the changes in consumer behaviour are rattling much charge on the industry and products concerned. This is underlined by the af orementioned points, so for example the car industry, construction and property market were the most unhelpfully affected even as industries which allow diversion benefit from the recession i.e. the entertainment sector and the cinema.Finally, consumer behaviour will evermore grammatical construction affected. It will be affected depending what stage of the life cycle the country is at, therefore the only way to reduce the adverse affects and take benefit of the positive affects is for businesses to be flexible. These way businesses have the best opportunity of helping consumers to get equilibrium in the homeostasis see-saw which is more and more difficult to achieve in a recession as consumers face more limitations.ReferencingUKessays.co.uk online. (2003 2014). Available from . Accessed 30 march 2014. Wikipedia online. (28 March 2014). Available from . Accessed 30 march 2014.

The Role of Consumer Protection Agency and the Judiciary on Consumer Protection Essay Example for Free

The Role of Consumer protective covering Agency and the Judiciary on Consumer Protection EssayA consumer can be define as someone who acquires goods or services for look at use or ownership rather than for resale or use in production and manufacturing. Consumer protectionconsists of laws and organizations designed to ensure the rights of consumers as well as fair trade competition and the free flow of truthful information in the marketplace.The laws are designed to restrain argumentes that engage in fraud or specified unfair practices from gaining an advantage over competitors and may provide additional protection for the weak and those unable to debate care of themselves. Consumer protection laws are a form of governmentregulationwhich aims to protect the rights ofconsumers. For example, a government may require businesses to disclose detailed information about productsparticularly in areas where safety or public health is an issue, much(prenominal) as food.Consumer prote ction is linked to the idea of consumer rights (that consumers have various rights as consumers), and to the formation ofconsumer organizations, which help consumers make better choices in the marketplace and get help with consumer complaints. Other organizations that promote consumer protection include government organizations and self-regulating business organizations such as consumer protection agencies and organizations, the Federal Trade Commission etc.Consumer interests can also be protected by promoting competition in the markets which instantly and indirectly serve consumers, consistent with economic efficiency. In Nigeria, the major Consumer Protection Agency saddled with this responsibility is the Consumer Protection Council (CPC). Consumer Protection Council (CPC)is a Parastatal of the Federal regimen of Nigeria, supervised by the Federal Ministry of Trade and Investment. Though established by Act No. 6 of1992, it commenced operations only in 1999, when its institutiona l manikin was put in place.The mandate of CPC is to, among others, eliminate hazardous products from the market, provide speedy redress to consumers complaints, undertake campaigns which would lead to increased consumer awareness, ensure that consumers interest receive delinquent consideration at the appropriate forum, and encourage trade, industry and professional associations to develop and enforce in their various fields uality standards designed to safeguard the interest of consumers. temporary hookup using all legitimate means to eliminate the scourge of consumer rights abuse in the Nigerian market place, it is common knowledge that an uninformed consumer population cannot be effectively protected if they do not know that they have rights, what the rights are, and how the rights could be protected. On the other hand, businesses and organizations also need to be well acquainted with their obligations to consumers. base on this, the CPC serves to effectively police the market, sensitizing consumers to their rights and responsibilities and at the same time ensuring that businesses are committed to fulfilling their obligations to consumers. This is all in a bid to ensure that the commonwealth would become a better consumer-friendly nation. Consumers are entitled to a variety or rights, and the Consumer Protection Council and other consumer protection agencies serve to create awareness of these rights. completely of which must be insisted upon, and most of which are stated below 1. The Right to Satisfaction of Basic Needs Access to basic goods and services necessary for survival, such as food, water, energy, clothing, shelter, health-care, education and sanitation. Goods and services must meet the standard of quality promised such that there is value for money in the purchase. 2. The Right to Safety Protection from hazardous products, production processes and services.The Right to Information Provision of information enabling informed consumer choice as wel l as protection from misleading or inaccurate advertising and labeling. 4. The Right to Choose Access to variety of quality products and services at competitive prices. 5. The Right to Redress Compensation for misrepresentation, shoddy goods and off public and private services, including the right to adequate legal representation. 6. The Right to Consumer Education Acquisition of the skills required to be an informed consumer throughout life. 7.The Right to Consumer Representation protagonism of consumers interest and the ability to take part in the formulation of economic and other policies affecting consumers i. e. the right to be heard. 8. The Right to a Healthy surround Habitation is a place that is safe for present and future generations and which will enhance the quality of their lives. On its own part, the Judiciary is defined as the ashes of courts of justice in the country, and serves to ensure that all laws regarding consumer protection are enforced and strictly adhered to, and stiff penalties are meted out to defaulters.The laws, terms and conditions regarding consumer protection are reflected in The Consumer Protection Council Act (1992 No 66), where control of key aspects of consumer protection such as sales promotions, advertisements, products and services monitoring and regulation are explicitly stated. For instance, in the case of sales promotions, The Consumer Protection Council Act grants authority to the CPC to verify the genuineness of all sales promotions, ensuring that they are within legal, decent, honest and faithful limits, and ensure their direct supervision.The judiciary metes out penalties to erring parties which could be in the form of suspension for a definite period of time, fines and/or direct prohibition of activity. These, to a stupendous extent are aimed at regulating and controlling the excesses of manufacturers, advertisers and consumers and ensure that all practices concerned are within legal and permissible limits, and is especially necessary in countries such as Nigeria because the global crisis has made ready markets in developed countries to look for emerging markets with a huge population base to dump their products, and Nigeria fits the interpretation of such emerging market.The judiciary, through the enforcement of The Consumer Protection Council Act (1992 No 66), which guides consumer protection, ensures that Nigeria does not become a ready market for unscrupulous foreign countries and companies to dump products and services.

United Kingdom and the Eurozone

United nation and the EurozoneDEFINITION OF CURRENCY UNIONIn the world today, systems in which countries come together in agreement of overlap single gold. The system is called up-to-dateness or fiscal sum of money, its importance and number of participants is growing. In May 2005, 52 out of 184 IMF members participated in currency unions (Rose, 2006).A currency union can be defined as a system where two or more(prenominal) groups usually countries sh be a common or single currency in order to keep the value of their currency at a certain level (Investopedia, 2015). It can also be defined as an agreement among members countries or early(a) jurisdictions to share a common currency, and a single foreign and monetary exchange insurance constitution (Rosa, 2004). bullion unions occur when a poor rural unilaterally adopts the money of a larger anchor country. For Example, a number of countries currently use the American dollar such as Panama, Ecuador, and a number of smaller c ountries and dependencies in the Caribbean and Pacific (Rose, 2006). In Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho and Namibia all use the South African Rand thereby forming a currency union (Multilateral monetary area). In these cases, the exchange and enkindle roams of dependent countries are influenced and determined by the anchor country, generally in the gratify of the anchor.There are a number of multilateral currency unions between countries of similar size and wealth such as the East Caribbean dollar Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, Grenada, deification Kitts and Nevis, Saint vincent and the Grenadines and Saint Lucia. The Central Bank of the West African of the CFA franc Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo and also the Bank of the Central African States. Other currency unions in the world are the monetary authority Singapore, eastern Caribbean currency union, multilateral monetary area etc.The largest currency union is the Economic and Monetary totality of the European Union which began on the 1st January 1999, although the euro was only physically introduced three years later. Twelve countries instituted the euro as a legal tender, delegating and determining monetary policy for emu to through the international European central bank. One of the reasons of forming a currency union is mainly to synchronize and manage each member countrys monetary policy which could be done through lowering of transaction hails of cross-border trade (Silva and Tenreyro, 2010)The union is expect to grow more with Cyprus, Malta, Slovakia and Slovenia recently joining the area and other states such as Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City unilaterally adopting the euro as their sole currency however, Sweden, Iceland, Denmark and the United region put one across rejected membership but maintained debates on the advisability of adopting the euro particularly after the onset of the global financial crisis (Carney, 2014). funds unions have no def inite size therefore there is no appropriate universe for a currency. The use of a single or common currency is advantageous to regions as well as can also cause problems in the dual presence of asymmetric shocks and nominal rigidities (in prices and wages) (Mundell, 1961).The effect of the size on currency union tend to create more open and fewer nominal rigidities for smaller countries making them better candidates for currency unions (Mckinnon, 1963). The effects of the economys degree of diversification could result in fewer asymmetric shocks and accordingly fewer benefits from national monetary policy.The insights of the theory of optimum currency areas provided by Mundell (1961) concluded that common currency areas are defined by internal mobility and external immobility of factors of production. According to this theory, the optimum size of currency area depends on the tradeoff between the macro sparing efficiency gains and micro-economic costs. The forming currency unions have its costs as well as benefits.THE beGenerally, the main cost of joining a currency union is the loss of an independent monetary policy with the inability to react to shocks through exchange come out adjustments. Monetary independence can be beneficial when shocks are regionally specific, alternative mechanisms are weak and when exchange rate changes function as manner of lightening idiosyncratic shocksCountries that could potentially let their exchange rates adjust to justify the impact of shocks often display fear of floating and thus do not exploit the automatic stabilization properties of exchange rates (Calvo and Reinhart, 2002). Countries reluctance to implement monetary policy to tackle shocks could be cogitate to its tangible military capability less effectiveness of monetary policies to facilitate the adjustment or possibly wider consideration such as fear that it may trigger beggar thy-neighbor responses by trading partners inducing structural volatility in the financial markets.Besides the absence of price adjustment mechanisms, output stabilization and currency revaluation in the currency union faces another challenge. A system of income transfers is necessary for softening negative asymmetric shocks in countries that have joined a currency union however the prospect of income transfers between countries generates the type of moral hazard commonly seen in insurance models (Grabner, 2003).Another cost of currency unions relate to overcoming structural differences among the countries. The variation towards a monetary union is likely to expose structural weaknesses (Jacquet 1998 and Grabner 2003). By move into a monetary union, countries lose the ability to correct their monetary troubles in short term. The necessary structural reform preceding the acceptances of a single currency focus on issues like taxation, supervision of capital markets and also vernacular recognition and harmonization of labor markets (Jacquet 1998).There is also an issue of fiscal financing. Public budget can be financed from government bonds and tax r change surfaceues. A country in a currency union is likely to face constraints on financing options resulting in a suboptimal situation. At the same time, government bonds are linked to inflation and a currency union implicitly assumes convergent optimal inflation rates (Grabner 2003). In reality the optimal levels of inflation may differ among the countries in the currency union. justmore, the cost or problem of currency union inability of participant countries to independently choose an inflation rate. It seems relatively less all- significant(prenominal) now than in the past as improvements in available technology to central banks enable sustainable inflation that result in low actual inflation rates in most countries however if a country plagued by low productivity enters a currency union of higher juicy countries, it could experience higher inflationary rates (Coleman 1999).THE BENEFIT SOne of the main benefits of currency unions envisaged by Mundell (1961) is the elimination of currency conversion costs and greater predictability of prices which would increase trade. The savings are more significant for small, open and less developed countries whose currencies are not used for international payments (Grabner 2003). Coleman (1999) mentions the savings from the drop-off of transaction costs and reduction of price uncertainty together account for 0.4 percent of GDP in the Eurozone.Increased price transparency and reduced price uncertainty are often quoted as interrelated benefits of currency unions. The reduction of price uncertainty is linked to the use of unit of account which is simultaneouslu used by broader economic area (Zika, 2006). The even disappearance of exchange rates removes a vital barrier to trade integration this furthermore leads to better information, increased competition and price transparency (Jacquet 1998 and Grabner, 2003).Further benefit of monetary union is the removal of competitive devaluations by member countries which also known as beggar-thy-neighbor policy (Kronberger, 2004). Within currency unions, both importers and exporters have a strong interest in avoiding disproportionate swings in exchange rates. The transfer of resources between regions by the centralized monetary authority through its money issuing function. These transfers can be used to diversify the risk of expected economic shocks however public finance plays a significant role (Voss, 1998).Currency union has the potential to reduce the number of investment failures. Price uncertainty negatively impacts the welfare or risk adverse individuals in standard economic theory. The greater exchange rate volatility tends to impair the quality of decisions about investment projects abroad therefore greater exchange rate volatility implies more frequent investment failures and larger costs (Grabner, 2003). Higher risk caused by the increase in price and exch ange rate uncertainty increases the real interest rate. Higher real interest rates then highlight the problems of moral hazard and adverse selection. This therefore helps lower systematic risk (Grabner, 2003).Finally, the vast economic area of currency unions increases the effect of networking. The adoption of a single currency in a bigger economic area creates greater benefits for all users. face at the economic structure of the United Kingdom and Eurozone, both have projects which are suitable to the individual development and growth of both economies. The United Kingdom becoming a member of the eurozone will be more of disadvantage than benefit to the United Kingdom due to several reasons.The core argument for entering the EMU is the elimination of exchange risk against the euro which would promote much more trade with and within Europe by merging the rather risky and particular(a) sterling capital market into a bigger and less risky euro capital market. The joining of the Euroz one is not to world currency but a regional one. Outside of Europe, most of the world either uses the dollar or is tied to it in some way therefore trade and investment would be half(prenominal) with the euro area and half with the dollar area. But over the years, euro/dollar exchange rate has been highly variable which when compared to British pound/dollar exchange rate it doesnt seem convincing. If the UK remains outside, the pound can go between the two currencies as the euro swings occur against dollar thereby sitting on the kernel of a seesaw. Looking at this, there is no necessary gain in the exchange risk reduction in UK joining the Eurozone and that it is even accomplishable that the overall risk would rise. The benefit of price transparency and comparison between UK and Eurozone is also of little importance in the sense that United Kingdom has no land borders with the Eurozone unlike Belgium and Netherlands. Given this fact, the comparing of prices between both zones is irrelevant.In terms of bailout and the emerging state pension crisis, growth and development is slower than expected while unemployment is turning out to be higher. The politics of pension cut benefits is speculative given that the aging population will increasingly be reign by older voters. The effect of raising taxes further would lower growth and increase unemployment. It is a matter of concern to the UK that cost of meeting explosive financial liabilities might somehow impact British taxpayers.In conclusion, the reduction of transactions cost of currency exchange would be roughly offset by the one-off cost of currency conversion. There would be some gain from eliminating exchange risk against euro but this would be offset largely by the volatility against the dollar with about half our trade broadly defined with countries either on or closely linked to the dollar. Generally, the exchange risk does not appear to have an important effect on trade or foreign investment, and in th e UK case, on the cos of capital.Honestly, I would like to advice that the UK waits and properly assess and plan out diverse projects. Due to the structure of the Eurozone, I am strongly against the UK joining the Eurozone which is the best interest of British citizensREFERENCESA Coleman. (1999).Economic integration and monetary union. obtainable http//www.treasury.govt.nz/workingwritten document/1999/twp99-6.pdf . Last accessed 04-01-2015.Andrew K. Rose. (2006).Currency Unions.Available http//faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/arose/Palgrave.pdf. Last accessed 05-01-2015.Available http//object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/ bills/serials/files/cato-journal/2004/5/cj24n1-2-10.pdf. Last accessed 04-01-2015.G.M.Voss. (1998). Monetary integration, uncertainty and the role of money finance.Oxford Blackwell Publishing. 65 (2), 231-245.G Fink And D Salvatore. (1999).Benefits and Costs of European Economic and Monetary Union.Available file///C/Users/G1308037/Downloads/6.2_Fink.pdf. Last accessed 05-01-2 015.G Thompson and D Harari. (2013).The economic impact of EU membership on the UK.Available https//www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=10cad=rjauact=8ved=0CGEQFjAJurl=http//www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/sn06730.pdfei=iBCsVJ_QAefe7AbMvYDgDgusg=AFQjCNG. Last accessed 05-01-2015.Guillermo A. Calvo And Carmen M. Reinhart. (2002).Fear Of Floating.Available http//web.cenet.org.cn/upfile/87741.pdf. Last accessed 02-01-2015.Investopedia. (2015).Currency Union.Available http//www.investopedia.com/terms/c/currency-union.asp. Last accessed 05-01-2015.Jan Zika. (2006).Cost and Benefits Of A Monetary Union.Available http//janzika.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2006/03/Monetary_union.pdf. Last accessed 02-01-2015.Jacquet P. (1998).A worthwhile gamble. International Affairs.Available No. 1, January, Vol. 74, pp.5571.. Last accessed 04-01-2015.Mark Carney. (2014).The Economics Of Currency Unions.Available http//www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/speeches/2014/speech706.pd f. Last accessed 06-01-2015.Patrick Minford. (2002).Should Britain Join The Euro?.Available http//www.iea.org.uk/sites/ carelessness/files/publications/files/upldbook147pdf.pdf. Last accessed 07-01-2015.Patrick Minford. (2004).Britain, The Euro, And The Five Tests.R. Kronberger. (2004).A cost-benefit analysis of a monetary union for MERCOSUR with particular emphasis on the optimum currency area theory.Available http//econwpa.wustl.edu80/eps/mac/papers/0407/0407010.pdf . Last accessed 04-01-2015.R Layard, W Buiter, C Huhne, W Hutton, P Kenen and ATurner. (2002).Why Britain Should Join The Euro.Available http//willembuiter.com/RL334D.pdf. Last accessed 05-01-2015.Robert A Mundell. (1961).A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas. Available http//digamo.free.fr/mundell61.pdf. Last accessed 05-01-2015.Ronald I. Mckinnon. (1963).Optimum Currency Areas.Available http//www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1811021?sid=21105014573601uid=4uid=3738032uid=2. Last accessed 02-01-2015.S Rosa. (2004).Definitio n Of Currency Union.Available https//www.imf.org/external/np/sta/bop/pdf/cuteg1.pdf. Last accessed 04-01-2015.S.Silva and S. Tenreyro. (2010).Currency Unions in Prospect and Retrospect.Available http//personal.lse.ac.uk/tenreyro/cupaper.pdf. Last accessed 01-01-2015.S.Tenreyro. (2001).On The Causes and Consequences of Currency Un.Available http//faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/arose/tenreyro.pdf. Last accessed 05-01-2015.Willem H. Buiter. (2008).Why the United Kingdom Should Join the Eurozone.Available http//willembuiter.com/ifeuro.pdf. Last accessed 05-01-2015.

Importance Of FDI In Developing Malaysian Economic Growth

Importance Of FDI In Developing Malaysian Economic GrowthThe federation of Malaysia was formed in 1963, initially consisting of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak. Due to congenital politicsal reasons, Singapore was asked to leave the federation in 1965 to become an independent state. Malaysia is separated into two regions videlicet the West and East Malaysia by the S out(a)h china Sea. Malaysia is blessed with an abundance of subjective resources such as hit man, coal, crude and the humid tropical climate creates a great condition for plant growth such as palm oil and rubber. These raw materials are what contribute to the thriftiness.Before the 1970s, Malaysia was previously a raw material producing economy that produced rubber, tin, etc that exported to the industrialised countries. Much later, rock oil and palm oil were also one of the raw materials be exported. However, since the 1970s a change has been noned in the development of the economy of being a more(preno minal) export-oriented manufacturing industry that produced textile, rubber products, electric and electronic goods etc. The government realised to increase gross domestic product growth, the country had to shift from an export-oriented raw material producing economy into an export-oriented manufacturing economy. Not only depart employment rise, but it will also benefit GDP growth and economic welfare.Importance of contrary Direct enthronement (FDI)FDI is defined as a company from one country making a physical deckment into building a factory in some other country. In other words, it is the establishment of a company by a opposed embellishor. To lay in Malaysia, it is required that 10% of the total equity in a resident company be held by the overseas investor. Generally there are two types of FDIs outward-bound FDI and inward-bound FDI. An outward-bound FDI is when topical anaesthetic capital is invested in foreign resources while an inward-bound FDI, the opposite of an ou tward-bound FDI is when foreign capital is invested in local resources.FDI is an eventful and effective way to perk up up the economy as it is a major catalyst to development. This is because with the drawting up of companies and factories, employment will rise. With foreign money being pumped into the economy to pay of wages and salaries to the employees, a multiplier effect will create an injection of several times that will cause a huge influx of foreign money. As more foreign money is being pumped into the local economy (assuming there are no outflows of money) GDP growth will soar that goes hand in hand with vision 2020 where Malaysia will achieve a developed nation status with a constant 8% growth rate every year. This will in turn, bring confidence into the economy, further generating more FDIs. As the economy is doing well, development will naturally take place to improve the quality of life.Furthermore, the attainment of knowledge for the transfer of technology is a tre mendous advantage for the country. As companies and factories are being set up, tough machineries and sophisticated technology are being passed on to the local employees to operate the lineage. In order to work the technology, the local employees will then have to go for training. Thus the passing on bulge of knowledge and technology to the country is an integral part for developing countries to further improve itself on a global scale.Suitable Industries and BusinessesForeign Investors from China rouse consider venturing into the renewable energy sector. This is because, Malaysia have an ample supply of raw material and land availability for such investments. Furthermore, a company from the Hong Kong called Sun let Solar Ltd. has made the first move to venture into the renewable energy industry in Malaysia. This is a stepping stone for future FDI from China into this sector.Foreign investors from India rotter consider venturing into the IT industry of Malaysia. This is becaus e Malaysia is fully equipped with high speed internet due to Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) and thus this can facilitate with the FDI when they invest and set up companies in Malaysia.Foreign investors from the Middle East can consider venturing into the oil and gas industry. The Middle East is rich with an abundance of oil and gas and so is Malaysia. Investors from there have a high expertise in the field and thus, are suitable in venturing into this sector. It is highly recommended that the Middle East investors invest into the oil and gas industry to further enlarge the scale of production and thus earning billions to stimulate the economy.StrengthsThe political status in Malaysia isnt a huge take to foreign investors as it is considered stable compared to neighbouring countries like Thailand. In Thailand, where street protests have escalated in recent years have kept foreign investors unfinished on their investment into the country due to national security. The political inst ability and unrest has caused a huge deterrence for the countrys FDI and thus, alternatives have been considered. Malaysia, south of Thailand is an option for the disturbed political atmosphere. With a stable political status in Malaysia, foreign investors can and will benefit from their investments into Malaysia.A strategic location between the East and the West, Malaysia is in the epicentre of the ASEAN countries. Investors from the Middle East, India and China will find that Malaysia is the gateway to the ASEAN market that is some 558.2 trillion people. Malaysia boasting a population of only 28 million will be the focal point of foreign investors as they can easily distribute their products to the neighbouring countries.Natural resources in Malaysia are in abundance. Natural gas, oil, petroleum and coal have been found along the coastal waters of the country. As such, Malaysia has kept a competitive edge to neighbouring countries as the price of fuel is signally lower than othe r ASEAN countries. This is an effective cost minimiser. Furthermore, raw materials such as rubber and palm oil are also found in abundance in the country. For those foreign investors who are planning to invest in these sectors will benefit as they will save on transportation cost as they can produce the industrialised goods in Malaysia rather than importing raw materials to their countries to produce the respective goods.Malaysia is a multicultural country where three main races namely the Malays, the Chinese and the Indians live harmoniously to drawher. This has proven to be an advantage to foreign investors from China and India as they will have no problem communicating with the local employees as they can speak in the same language or dialect. This is definitely a strength compared to other ASEAN countries such as Thailand whose locals speak by and large Thai and the Indonesians, Bahasa Indonesia. Although instructions can be conferred through a medium, it is at the foreign inves tors best stakes that they communicate directly with their employees.The labour market in Malaysia is fairly educated with a literacy rate of 87.4% (estimated by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, July 2002). With a higher literacy rate compared to other ASEAN countries such as Laos 76%, gives Malaysia the advantage of attracting FDI. Foreign investors will find it easier to communicate and to train the local employees to fit the demands of the job and thus, minimising the cost of training.Technology and transportation in Malaysia is considered better than many neighbouring countries. With proper diddlyshit roads and internationally-recognised ports, imports and exports can be done easily without having to worry about the lack of infrastructure. This will ensure FDI to invest in Malaysia as they will not have to worry or invest extra security towards their transportation of their goods. Furthermore with Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), a high speed internet connection, FDI will be e nsured that work in the resident country will not be restricted by communication troubles.ChallengesOne of the main challenges of attracting FDI to Malaysia is the Islamic moving-picture show of the country. With the recent attacks on churches over the use of the word Allah by Christians in publications has deterred foreign investors from investment funds in Malaysia. Concerns are being raised by foreign investors as they fear a religious conflict would turn deadly.This is not a healthy thing for perceptions of Malaysia, Nicholas Jeffreys, president of the American Chambers of Commerce in Malaysia, told a business conference.As mentioned, the political status in Malaysia is considered stable compared to other ASEAN countries. However so, the recent formation of opposition party Pakatan Rakyat consisting of DAP, PAS and KEADILAN have turn up to be a problem to the economy of Malaysia. During the recent general election, the opposition party garnered five states that were previously held by the main political party, Barisan Nasional. Politically shaken, twain parties have been on each others throat, fighting for power. The political unrest in Malaysia has kept investors pending about investing in Malaysia as it is difficult to get both state and federal government to obligate at the same time.In recent months, Malaysias currency has been steadily rising against the US dollar, Euro and the British Sterling. It is important to note that a strong currency is not what foreign investors want as more money will have to be forked out to buy Malaysias currency. Furthermore, a strong currency will mean labour cost will increase. This will be a setback for the economy as foreign investors will want to choose other ASEAN countries of lower currency for a lower labour cost such as Vietnam or Cambodia.A drop in GDP rate over the last few years is another reason why foreign investors are still pending with their investment into Malaysia. With a fall in growth rate, the ec onomy will contract and thus, foreign investors will not be able to expand their business fully and this will deter foreigners from investing into Malaysia.Corporate taxation on profit has a huge impact on foreign investors wanting to invest into countries. Among ASEAN countries, Malaysia does not have the lowest corporate taxation rates and thus foreign investors may think twice about investing into Malaysia.Heavy contention from other ASEAN countries is also another deterrent for investors to invest in Malaysia. This is because, other neighbouring countries may lower corporate taxation rate in order to accommodate with the increasing FDIs. Furthermore, the other countries may design or propose better government policies to attract FDI into their respective countries. Vietnam, known as the second China has shown a remarkable performance in attracting FDI and is one of the fastest growing economies of the world, behind China. Thus, with a reputation of that, Malaysia will have to wo rk harder to garner more musical accompaniment and FDI.RecommendationsIt is impossible to avoid the world to know about Malaysias image of being an Islamic country. However so, precautionary methods can be done to enhance the nonbelligerent and harmonious relations in the country. Advertisement on a global scale to promote Malaysia as a symbol of racial and religion consistency can improve Malaysias image.Political instability in Malaysia may not be a major issue however, it is still a pressing subject field that the federal government and the opposition are at constant loggerheads. Disagreement is bound to stir up situations hence agreements must be made in order to ease the tension. The federal government and the opposition will have to come to an agreement to provide the best facilities and services to current and potential foreign investors. With both parties working hand in hand, foreign investors will have the confidence to want to invest in Malaysia.A strong currency dete rs investors from investing into Malaysia as total costs will increase. In order to remain competitive, Malaysia can and may revoke back to the pegged exchange rate against the USD where economy precariousness can be abolished as investors will be certain that their current expenses will not increase or decrease readily.A falling GDP due to the recent economic recession is not something the government can change overnight. However, the government can encourage spending by lowering interest rates. This will cause a multiplier effect and stimulate the economy. Investors will then see a growth in GDP rate and invest in Malaysia. With public confidence, this will become a whole cycle.Heavy competition from other countries is due to attractive and lucrative deals made by the government to attract FDI. The Malaysia government can do the same by introducing attractive deals, low corporation tax, etc to attract FDI.ConclusionFDI is an important and effective way to stir up the economy as i t is a major catalyst to development. There are many pros and cons to investing in Malaysia, pros being, political stability, strategic location, an abundance of natural resources and raw materials, a multicultural country, a high quality workforce, good transportation, while cons being, political instability, Islamic image, high currency, high corporate taxation and heavy competition. However so, recommendations have been made to minimize the challenges faced by foreign investors. Invest in Malaysia, and it shall invest in you.

The Relationship Between Geography And International Relations Politics Essay

The Relationship Between Geography And Inter subject field Relations Politics EssayFrom this quote, it stinkpot be understood the importance of geography for regions, state, politics, economics, globalisation and the try out of internationalistic Relations. As a definition, it rouse be remarked that Geography is considered as the study of spacial patterns in the compassionate and animal(prenominal) worlds. What geographers do is the examination of how human and natural characteristics are distri notwithstandinged across the earth, what the relationship between them is and what patterns of behavior have those interactions.As an example, it can be used in terms of nature the Hurricane Katrina, when most of the commonwealth of New Orleans started to live in other cities in United States, era the price of gasoline increased considerably. Another example would be the war in Iraq, where so many Iraqi people have dead, and much of the array force is formed by people from many p laces in the world.In that sense, geography points on the study of interactions and flows between places in the world, not only physically but also Human, Systematic or Thematic and Regional geographic studies are made too. Those ramifications of Geography are called as Approaches to Geography2.Starting with sensual Geography, it can be said that it is the study of the natural environment and its processes in Earths surface how climate castrates, the distribution of landscape, the behavior and location of resources, hydrographic sources, ecology, soil surfaces for maturement, verbalism or life, and interactions between them that give people the idea of how is their intervention disturbing the environment where they live in.On the other hand, Human Geography studies the human relations according to their location, the way societies are when living in a unique(predicate) place of the world. Due to the fact that human beings form large societies, they create physical and social e nvironments where they transform their social structures and surrounding area where they live. These actions go towards the need of survival, and interests that people have in order to achieve general and circumstantial goals. As branches of Human Geography, it can be mentioned Demography3, urban/rural changes, politics and economies.Talking about Systematic or Thematic Geography, it can be utter as the study of the spatial relations and its effects relating it to Human Geography. That means the interactions of human groups with climate change, industrial development, health, migrations and urban growth.Finally, Regional Geography concentrates on specific areas on Earths surface4. It includes the study of soils, ve initiateation, landscapes and the linkage with culture, population, economy, politics, being both physical and human characteristics shapers of a Regional Character5. This concept involves the meaning of time, because regional linkages and boundaries change constantly from the point of view of geographers and also human collectivities.In this way, Regional Geography allows to establish a two-way interaction6between region and people which is really important to understand the relationship between geography and many aspects in the international environment.One of these aspects is globalization. As it is well cognize, globalization is transforming the world, making cultures get mixed and spread all over it. According to John J. Wild and his colleagues7, globalization changes also the national economies and standards of living (for better or for worse). The forces that drive globalization instantly are changing profoundly cultures and political, legal, social and economic systems.Global connections involve crossing barriers or frontiers with ideas, technology, culture, people, money, capital, and unfortunately crime and terrorism. Definitely, it is much more than the expanding upon of trade and investment among nations8. This definition takes peo ple to have many debates against and supporting globalization, in terms of its influence on jobs and wages, labor and environmental regulation income inequality, national sovereignty, democracy and culture.Now that globalization has been explained, Localization is also a very important concept to remark, and the best way to do it is with an example it is not the said(prenominal) case if it is examined the way of living in France, and contrasted it with the conditions of living in Malaysia, Singapore or Peru. Ways of thinking and acting in those regions are so different, point if people have similar characteristics as human beings. That is why people in different areas have their local identities clearly defined, and the new ones that arrive are considered as external, though they start later to become so popular and widely accepted. That is what is considered the Power of globalization.Another aspect that involves geography and the international environment is the human impact on natural scenarios. It refers to the impact of the human activities (industrial, scientific, demographic) in the landscape, and environment conditions that make possible life on Earth. Towards this topic are well k promptlyn the efforts that governments and non governmental institutions have done in order to preserve the environment.Almost all people around the world have heard about the Kyoto protocol in the United Nations Convention on Climate Change, and other conferences and meetings all over the world, to prevent or diminish the emissions and risks of contamination for life and human development.Regarding at this topic, it can be stood out this expression said in An inconvenient truth, the film made with the participation of Al Gore, that tries to move consciences towards global warming nowadays Each one of us causes Global Warming, but we can change it with the products we buy, the electricity we use, our cars. We have the solution in our hands. We need determination to make t hem cause But, in that location is actually a real conscience of the damage human beings have done to the Earth, or it is only a political strategy to take in greater benefits?Now is time to speak about International Relations. As is well known, International Relations is the study of human interactions through national borders and factors that affect those interactions9. Thereby, Geography can be defined in terms of International Relations as the study of the geographical characteristics that affect directly or aslant the international actors, such(prenominal) as states, civil society, NGOs and intergovernmental organizations.It has to be taken into distinguish that the aspects mentioned before are part of International Relations as a hole, but it was absolutely necessary to define each one of them to have a clearer idea of what they are. Now, inside International Relations there are aspects as globalization, environmental issues, but also there are other ones like regions and cultural geography, society, race, gender and sociality, population distribution and dynamics, politics, development and human rights.Continuing with the environmental issues, there are four important problems in the environment that concern people in the world. The first one is the impact of farming and mining. These activities have in the young years increased soil erosion, and contamination due to the nephrotoxic wastes sluiced to land, going together with changes in species, both fauna and flora. The second problem is the ozone depletion caused by the toxic gases that people leave to the air, making the ozone hole grow more every single day. The last two ones are acid depositions10and natural hazards, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, storms, mudslides and problems in coastal zones.In terms of regions and cultural geography it is important to state the influence of language as a way of communication among people, and it is a very important factor in geographic diversity, it b uilds a packetd identity in communities and groups of people, the same way religion and races do.In race and ethnicity, ethnic groups for example establish a common identity, recognized by themselves and by other people outside the ethnic groups according to elements as language, religion, tribe, nationality or race, and the share of a strong link between members11.Following this sequence of ideas, the next topic in the International Relations and Geography is population distribution and dynamics. How migration, population densities, distribution, poverty and wealthy affect the international environment?Demography, the branch of Human Geography that studies those effects, is in charge of analyze the social, economic, cultural and politic connotations that have this phenomena. They comprise an important role in the economic and social structure of a country, and also when planning the main policies and practices in the world12. The big dilemma now is to adjust population dynamics t o the existent structures, or on the other hand, modify the structure of the International System to the tendencies of the demographic growth13.As population increases faster every single day, it is necessary for the International System to take into account demographic variables to create new policies in terms of migration, jobs and wages, security, going towards development strategies, especially in third world countries.This quote said by Sauvy, explains perfectly the relationship between Demography and International Relations Demography, science that studies population, is everyplace and nowhere. Devoid of natural frontiers, it can be extended or restricted conventionally14. As Demography studies the effect of populations in International Relations, and it has to be tout ensemble with humans, it does not have natural borders but interferes absolutely in the International System and its way of working.When talking about politics, it is necessary to call the concept of political Geography, which is the study of the influence of political organizations or movements in the world regional geography. The main objective of Political Geography is the relationship between Population, State and dirt15. This branch of geography is structured in three levels, as followsThe State where are studied all cohesive, coercive and breakup forces in a specific territory.Over the State, international relations are located, as the study of political and geostrategic processes in the area.Finally, under the State (but not less important) is located the study of the political geography of communities inside the territory, and their relations of power between the communities and the state.16In the political ambit it is essential to mention also the importance of other organizations such as United Nations in the ways of government in regions. The term governance appears affected by the influence of those organizations as regulators or cooperators in the International System.These organizations also work as network builders that function across country borders, giving birth to a process called the stretching of politics.17The last one of the aspects cerebrate to International Relations and Geography, is Development and Human Rights. It considers the differences that erupt when analyzing some regions that have higher or lower material and personal well-being indexes, and those studies take into account for example the complex interactions of people with natural environment, the historical growth of population, the evolution of political systems, economics and Human Rights18. From that point, these phenomena can give an idea of how Human Rights in the International system have evolved into the established guidelines of Human Rights today in the world.Concluding, all aspects mentioned before link Geography with IIRR in a way that is insurmountable to mention IIRR without mentioning Geography, since it talks about aspects that are essential for the understandin g of International System. Geography can be considered as a helpful tool since IIRR is a multidisciplinary science.

Christian Bök - Inviting Us to Rethink how Language Works Essays

In the post-Modernist world, developments in the perceptions overshadow human relationships. To bridge humankinds alienation from science and technology, Christian Bk turns science into poetry, and poetry into science. He delves into pataphysics, the poetics of an imaginary science which renders the English language whimsical and at times nonsensical. He likewise attempts virtuosic feats with his sound and concrete poetry. Bks language welcomes new interpretations and shows that poetry is an ongoing process that can disrupt traditions and reshape them. Bks innovative use of sound, form, and narrative reshapes language, inviting the audience to rethink how language works.Exploring sounds primitivism, Christian Bk transforms his poetry into wild call terrains. He deconstructs and reinvents meaning in language by banishing words from some of his sound poetry. Following the post-Modernist tradition of melding old materials with new ideas, Bk re-imagines Dadaist Hugo oafs poem See pferdchen und Flugfische (Seahorses and Flying Fish) by infusing it with his own tempos, pitches, and exclamation points. The language in this poem does not consist of words but a twine of nonsensical sounds like billabi, zack, and bisch Can language still be language without words? To be effective, language must be able to communicate ideas. Bks language then, communicates ideas through explosions of non-meanings. It relies heavily on its emotive function, stirring the audiences imagination with fluctuations in pitch, tone, and tempo. It is also metalingual it draws attention to itself as the audience tries to decipher the poem through only the sense of hearing. In his poem Valuvula, Bk chants in an alien language. S... ... Available http//www.ubu.com/sound/bok.html, 2000. Accessed November 16, 2003. Bk, Christian. Valuvula in UbuWeb Sound Poetry. Available http//www.ubu.com/sound/bok.html, 2000. Accessed November 16, 2003. Carmine, Starnino. Vowel Movements Pointless Toil an d Empty Productivity. Books in Canada 31, 4 (Jun/Jul 2002) 29.Crawley, Devin. Eunoia. Quill & Quire 67, 10 (October 2001) 40.Crawley, Devin. The book of Bok authors new poetry title uses just one vowel per chapter Eunoia. Quill & Quire 67, 10 (October 2001) 9. Dykk, Lloyd. Are we having fun yet? Series 2002 I Resolve The Vancouver solarize Vancouver, 3 January 2002, p. D12.Pataphysics, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2000 ed.Samuels, Ian. Books highlight poetrys past and present. Calgary Herald Calgary, 18 October 2003, p. ES12.

Socialist Equality of Opportunity Essay -- Politics, Free Market Syst

Each of us is inherently conditioned into a particular way of life by our community and the politics that ordinate such a society. At any current time, the organization of political principles, such as democracy or distributive justice, has been a predetermined result. We blindly accept that our ancestors were correct and ignore the possibility of objections. Yet, this is a grave mistake, especially considering the fact that our lives and the way society is organized are so intertwined. This means we cannot repeal thinking of our political practices as alterable, and even (if only in retrospect) as possible objects of choice (Bird 3). To some, one of the alterable political practices of distributive justice, in socialist Equality of Opportunity (EOP), may seem extreme. The word Socialism has developed into a meaningless word that serves as a synonym to tyranny (Orwell 4). Yet, a specific form of socialism, equality of opportunity, has many merits over common, currently practiced s ystems and should be considered as a legitimate apotheosis for distributive justice. To realize the same thesis it is important to first square off equality of opportunity. Within the definition, many reasonable objections pass on surface, but through disputing common theories on distributive justice, it will be relatively simple to recognize the following EOP is the most rational form of distributive justice given the inherent nature of society, it eliminates a great number of inherent inequalities, and is the most efficient form of distributive justice if equality of opportunity can be granted.The task then is to adequately define Socialist EOP. This in itself, like defining most distributive justice schemes, is a complex matter. However, it may he... ...n my opinion, the nature of society includes a communal ideal that does not let those less fortunate suffer irrationally. Within Socialist EOP, the decisions of any individual remain intact so long as everyone starts come o n with the same chance for success. Although, what might come out of this is complexity, Socialist EOP fosters a true superstar of justice and fairness by catering to the true sense of society. Economic efficiency shouldnt matter, so long as the aforementioned ideals are held up by the state. The consequence will be a to a greater extent just and perhaps a more efficient society. Compared to other polarized schemes, Socialist EOP truly represents the best chance at success, by eliminating a broad crop of inequalities based on arbitrary factors, including luck. Only in eliminating all of these factors can a society, forged on a true sense of justice, be realized.